Jonathan Grudin

Principal Researcher, Adaptive Systems and Interaction Group, Microsoft Research
Affiliate Professor, Information School, University of Washington
Research: Human Computer Interaction, Computer Supported Cooperative Work

Previously: Professor of Information and Computer Science, UC Irvine
Visiting Professor: Aarhus University, Keio University, University of Oslo
Employers: MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Wang Laboratories, MCC
Ph.D.: Cognitive psychology, UC San Diego with Donald Norman
(CV as of 1998, when I joined Microsoft)

My wife Gayna Williams has worked in and managed Microsoft UX teams.
Our daughters Eleanor and Isobel are not yet considering career options.

Research

Interacting through Digital Technology in Organizations
I’ve examined the design, adoption, and use of group support technologies. In recent years I’ve focused on views toward, and use of, emerging technologies--social networking sites, wikis, weblogs, messaging, games--in organizational contexts.

The History of Human-Computer Interaction
The best chance to anticipate events that will affect us is to understand how we got here.

ACM, NSF, National Academy of Sciences

1997 – 2003 Editor-in-Chief of ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
2004 Inducted into the ACM SIGCHI Academy
2004 – 2010 Served on the NAS Human-Systems Integration Board
2005 – 2011 Associate Editor of ACM Computer Surveys
2006 – 2011 Edit and write a column on HCI History for ACM Interactions
Various Participated in NSF Committees of Visitors, major NSF reviews, and an NRRC review
Co-chaired CSCW’98 and iConference 2011; program co-chair for CSCW 2012

10 Most Recent Publications

• A longitudinal study of Facebook, LinkedIn, & Twitter use. (PDF)
  A. Archambault & J. Grudin, in press. Proc. CHI 2012.
  Results from four annual surveys of social networking site use at Microsoft.
• Taxonomy and theory in Computer Supported Cooperative Work. (recent version PDF)
  J. Grudin & S. Poltrock, in press. In S.W. Kozlowski (Ed.), Handbook of organizational psychology. Oxford University Press.
  This initially seemed a simple review, but reflecting on 25 years of CSCW led to a different perspective.
  For 25 years, Steve Poltrock and I have collaborated in conducting and reviewing CSCW research.
• A moving target: The evolution of HCI. (email me)
  J. Grudin, in press. In J. Jacko (Ed.), Human-Computer Interaction Handbook (3rd Edition). Taylor & Francis.
  My most comprehensive overview of HCI history, examining how and why different research communities arose and evolved.
  
• Kai: Media’s effects on understanding. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, September 2011. ACM Interactions, 70-73.
  What can Plato tell us about the effects of digital technology?
• Peripheral computing during presentations: Perspectives on costs and preferences. (PDF)
  S. Iqbal, J. Grudin & E. Horvitz, 2011. Proc. CHI 2011, 891-894.
  Multitaskers who know that they miss useful information multitask nonetheless.
  Shamsi Iqbal is an MSR researcher, Eric Horvitz is an MSR associate director and past president of AAAI.
  
• Technology, conferences, and community. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2011. Comm. of the ACM, 54, 2, 41-43.
  Proposals for change should consider how we got here and all of the effects. Other CACM essays on the topic are here.
  
• Human-computer interaction. (email me)
  J. Grudin, 2011. In B. Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology 45, 369-430. ASIST.
  The history of library and information science is covered, along with HCI research in human factors, information systems, and computer science (CHI).
  
• Wikis at work: Success factors and challenges for sustainability of enterprise wikis. (PDF)
  J. Grudin & E. Poole, 2010. Proc. WikiSym 2010, Article 5.
  Places wiki discoveries in a general context that includes Mintzberg’s framework.
  Erika Poole is on the faculty at Penn State.
  
• A taxonomy of wiki genres in enterprise settings. (PDF) ⇒ Best Paper Award
  E. Poole & J. Grudin, 2010. Proc. WikiSym 2010, Article 14.
  Wiki focus can be personal, group/project, or an organization-wide 'pedia'.
  
• Conferences, community, and technology: Avoiding a crisis. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2010. Proc. iConference 2010.
  Longer version of the CACM article above.

My 10 Most Cited

• Groupware and social dynamics: Eight challenges for developers. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1994. Comm. of the ACM, 37, 1, 92-105.
  Further reading: A neglected challenge for enterprise application use is discussed here.
  
• Computer-supported cooperative work: History and focus. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1994. IEEE Computer, 27, 5, 19-26.
  Further reading: The history is updated here.
• Why CSCW applications fail: Problems in the design and evaluation of organizational interfaces. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1988. Proc. CSCW 88, 31, 85-93.
  Further reading: A 1980s challenge was overcome to yield a 1990s success described here.
• The case against user interface consistency. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1989. Comm. of the ACM, 32, 10, 1164-1173.
  Further reading: The case is extended in this note and analyzed here.
  
• Interactive Systems: Bridging the gaps between developers and users. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1994. IEEE Computer, 24, 4, 59-69.
  Further reading: A fourth development context is discussed here.
  
• Why groupware applications fail: Problems in design and evaluation.
  J. Grudin, 1989. Office: Technology and People, 4, 3, 245-264. (slightly revised version of 3^rd in list)
• The computer reaches out: The historical continuity of interface design. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1990. Proc. CHI 90, 261-268.
  Further reading: Work in the history section below broadens this CHI-centric analysis.
• Partitioning digital worlds: Focal and peripheral awareness in multiple monitor use. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2001. Proc. CHI 2001, 458-465.
  These issues loom larger as displays grow and information streams proliferate.
  
• Personas, participatory design and product development: An infrastructure for engagement. (PDF)
  J. Grudin & J. Pruitt, 2002. Proc. PDC 2002, 144-161.
  Further reading: For persona use in design, read the Pruitt & Adlin book; my chapter covers the psychology of why personas work.
• Integration of interpersonal space and shared workspace: ClearBoard design and experiments. (PDF)
  H. Ishii, M. Kobayashi & J. Grudin, 1992. Proc. CSCW 92, 33-42.
  Hiroshi Ishii and Minoru Kobayashi designed the system, I helped with experiments.
  Hiroshi Ishii is now at the MIT Media Lab, Kobayashi-san is at NTT.
  Extended version: ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 11, 4, 349-375, 1993. (PDF)

10 Other Favorites

• Managerial use and emerging norms: Effects of activity patterns on software design and deployment. (PDF) (DOI)
  J. Grudin, 2004. Proc. HICSS-37, 70-73.
  One of my favorite papers, extending my work on groupware adoption.
  Addresses an overlooked, subtle, widespread source of bias that adversely affects research, design, adoption, and use of applications and features.
• Systematic sources of suboptimal interface design in large product development organizations. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1991. Human-Computer Interaction, 6, 2, 147-196.
  Abstracts difficult learning experiences from years of working as a developer.
• Language evolution and human-computer interaction. (PDF)
  J. Grudin & D.A. Norman, 1991. Proc. Cognitive Science Conference, 611-616.
  The forces that shape languages provide insights into limitations of consistency in interaction design.
• Return on investment and organizational adoption. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2004. Proc. CSCW 2004, 274-277.
  I wrote this short, multi-faceted case study as a teaching example.
  
• McGrath and the Behavior of Groups (BOGS). (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2008. In T. Erickson & D.W. McDonald (Eds.), HCI Remixed: Reflections on works that have influenced the HCI community, 105-110. MIT Press.
  A short essay centered on a typology of McGrath, with examples illustrating its power.
  
• Multimedia annotation: An unsuccessful tool becomes a successful framework. (PDF)
  J. Grudin & D. Bargeron, 2005. In K. Okada, T. Hoshi & T. Inoue (Eds.), Communication and Collaboration Support Systems. Omsha.
  A promising technology and process that did not succeed despite years of work and well-received papers. The difficulty of publishing negative outcomes impedes progress.
• Crossing the divide. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2004. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 11, 1, 1-25.
  Summarizes observations and research into conference and journal publication over six years as TOCHI editor.
  
• Why personas work: The psychological evidence. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2006. In J. Pruitt & T. Adlin, The persona lifecycle: Keeping people in mind, 642-663. Morgan Kaufmann.
  Less focused on design than the other chapters of the book or my personas papers with John Pruitt; brings creative arts and exotic scientific pursuits—notably dream analysis—to bear on our work.
• Travel back in time: design methods of two billionaire industrialists. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, May 2008. ACM Interactions, 70-73.
  Unexpected ties to HCI design methods.
  
• Adapting a psychophysical method to measure performance and preference tradeoffs in human-computer interaction. (PDF)
  J. Grudin & A. MacLean, 1984. Proc. INTERACT '84, 737-741.
  More poster than paper, my first HCI study identified a distinction that 20 years later informed my view of HCI history.

Publications 1999-2012 (and selected others)

Publications are grouped below into these categories:
If you can't access a paper, email me.

A Wave of New Technologies Enters Organizations
Organizational Studies and Analyses
Personas as a Design Technique
Our Publication Culture
HCI History
ACM Interactions Timelines Columns
Cognitive Aspects of Design and Use
Prototype Multimedia Systems
Surveys and Selected Handbook Chapters (other than History)
Selected Early Papers

A Wave of New Technologies Enters Organizations
In 2003 an anthropologist described how students were using technologies. A new generation had arrived!
How are they moving into and changing organizations?

• A longitudinal study of Facebook, LinkedIn, & Twitter use. (PDF)
  A. Archambault & J. Grudin, in press. Proc. CHI 2012.
  Results from four annual surveys of social networking site use at Microsoft.
• Wikis at work: Success factors and challenges for sustainability of enterprise wikis. (PDF)
  J. Grudin & E. Poole, 2010. Proc. WikiSym 2010, Article 5.
  Places wiki discoveries in a general context that includes Mintzberg’s framework.
  Erika Poole is on the faculty at Penn State.
• A taxonomy of wiki genres in enterprise settings. (PDF) ⇒ Best Paper Award
  E. Poole & J. Grudin, 2010. Proc. WikiSym 2010, Article 14.
  Wiki focus can be personal, group/project, or an organization-wide 'pedia'.
  
• Discussion of ‘Is Google making us stupid?’ Radio Program
  Panelists: Carr, N., Grudin, J. Kirsh, D. & Zittrain, J. 20 July 2009. SETI Institute, broadcast on NPR.
  Perspectives on the effects of technology on how we think. I'm the optimist.
  My co-panelists are an eminent group of writers and analysts.
  
• When social networks cross boundaries: A case study of workplace use of Facebook and LinkedIn. (PDF)
  M. Skeels & J. Grudin, 2009. Proc. Group 2009, 95-104.
  Examination of SNS growing pains; a surprise for me was that LinkedIn is a killer app for a certain demographic.
  Meredith Skeels is a biomedical informatics researcher.
  
• Crossing boundaries: Digital literacy in enterprises. (PDF)
  L. Efimova & J. Grudin, 2008. In C. Lankshear & M. Knobel (Eds.), Digital literacies, 203-206. Peter Lang.
  Expands the discussion of results presented in the weblog and IM papers below.
  Lilia Efimova is a blogger and analyst of new media.
  
• Crossing boundaries: A case study of employee blogging. (PDF) (DOI)
  L. Efimova & J. Grudin, 2007. Proc. HICSS'07.
  A comprehensive random employee survey followed by interviews/observations.
  
• Employee blogging at Microsoft. (PDF)
  L. Efimova & J. Grudin, 2006. Inside Knowledge, 10, 4, 4-27.
  Overview for a professional magazine of the study above.
  
• Enterprise knowledge management and emerging technologies. (PDF) (DOI)
  J. Grudin, 2006. Proc. HICSS'06.
  Outlines how tagging, simple blogging, and search could combat chronic KM problems.
  
• As technophobia disappears: Implications for design. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, S. Tallarico, & S. Counts. Proc. GROUP '05, 256-259.
  Short paper on studies of IM and other communication tool use in enterprises and homes.
  Shari Tallarico is an ethnographer, Scott Counts is an MSR researcher.
  
• Messaging and formality: Will IM follow in the footsteps of email? (PDF)
  T. Lovejoy & J. Grudin, 2003. Proc. INTERACT 2003, 817-820.
  Short paper noting a pattern in organizational encounters with communication technologies.
  Tracey Lovejoy is an ethnographer and Microsoft manager.
  

Organizational Studies and Analyses
Since 1986 my principal focus has been on how organizations develop, adopt, and use technologies. The preceding section contains examples. This section deals with more mature technologies and general issues.

• McGrath and the Behavior of Groups (BOGS). (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2008. In T. Erickson & D.W. McDonald (Eds.), HCI Remixed: Reflections on works that have influenced the HCI community, 105-110. MIT Press.
  A short essay centered on a typology of McGrath, with examples illustrating its power.
• Videoconferencing: Recent experiments and reassessment. (PDF) (DOI)
  S. Poltrock & J. Grudin, 2005. Proc. HICSS'05.
  Subtle issues that slowed video adoption, with optimism that has since seemed well-founded.
  For 25 years, Steve Poltrock and I have collaborated in conducting and reviewing CSCW research.
  
• Managerial use and emerging norms: Effects of activity patterns on software design and deployment. (PDF) (DOI)
  J. Grudin, 2004. Proc. HICSS-37, 70-73.
  A personal favorite, extending my work on groupware adoption.
  Addresses an overlooked, subtle, widespread source of bias that adversely affects research, design, adoption, and use of applications and features.
• Return on investment and organizational adoption. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2004. Proc. CSCW 2004, 274-277.
  I wrote this short, multi-faceted case study as a teaching example.
• Leaders leading? A shift in technology adoption. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2003. CHI 2003 Extended Abstracts, 930-931.
  Once upon a time, managers were not hands-on computer users. Now most are. The change facilitates some things and creates new challenges.
  
• Discretionary adoption of group support software: Lessons from calendar applications. (PDF)
  L. Palen & J. Grudin, 2002. In B. Munkvold, Implementing collaboration technologies in industry,159-180. Springer.
  Shared calendars being uncommon in academia, these results can difficult to engage with.
  Leysia Palen is on the faculty of the University of Colorado.
  
• Meeting at the desktop: An empirical study of virtually collocated teams. (PDF)
  G. Mark, J. Grudin & S. E. Poltrock, 1999. Proc. ECSCW'99 159-178.
  Case study of successful desktop conferencing adoption in the 1990s.
  Gloria Mark is on the faculty of UC Irvine, Steve Poltrock and I have long collaborated.

Personas as a Design Technique
When Gayna Williams and John Pruitt introduced me to personas, I wished I had invented this ‘missing link’ between the participatory design I learned about in Scandinavia and the product development I did in the U.S.

• Why personas work: The psychological evidence. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2006. In J. Pruitt & T. Adlin, The persona lifecycle: Keeping people in mind, 642-663. Morgan Kaufmann.
  Psychology, creative writing, acting, and dream analysis can inform persona use. Revisiting these topics was enjoyable.
  John Pruitt, a Microsoft program manager, and Tamar Adlin, an independent consultant, are world-class experts on persona use in design.
  
• Personas: Practice and theory. (PDF)
  J. Pruitt & J. Grudin, 2008. In A. Bennett (Ed.), Design studies: Theory and research in graphic design, Princeton Architecture Press.
  Early version (same title, less traditional format): Proc. DUX 2003. (PDF)
  
• The west wing: Fiction can serve politics. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2003. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, 15,73-77.
  Not about the TV show, this makes a case for linking personas to participatory design.
• Personas, participatory design and product development: An infrastructure for engagement. (PDF)
  J. Grudin & J. Pruitt, 2002. Proc. PDC 2002, 144-161.
  This focuses more on rationale, less on practice than the DUX 2003 paper above.

Our Publication Culture
In the last few years over a dozen CACM contributions, listed here, have outlined a perceived crisis in how we disseminate research. This sociotechnical issue is the primary focus of the works below.

• Technology, conferences, and community. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2011. Comm. of the ACM, 54, 2, 41-43.
  Proposals for change should consider how we got here and the effects of the forces at work.
• Conferences, community, and technology: Avoiding a crisis. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2010. Proc. iConference 2010.
  Longer version of the CACM article above.
• Policies and practices. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2007. ACM Interactions, 14, 3, 5-7.
  A short rant about obsolete publishing practices.
• NordiCHI 2006: learning from a regional conference. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, May 2007. ACM Interactions, 14, 3, 52-53.
  To my surprise, this conference suggested a path HCI might eventually take.
• Crossing the divide. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2004. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 11, 1, 1-25.
  Summarizes observations and research into conference and journal publication over six years as TOCHI editor.

Human-Computer Interaction History
Phil Barnard and Ron Baecker inspired and supported my pursuit of a perspective on HCI history. A lot of people were supportive, patiently answering questions, identifying sources, and flagging misperceptions.

• A moving target: The evolution of HCI. (email me)
  J. Grudin, in press. In J. Jacko (Ed.), Human-Computer Interaction Handbook (3rd Edition). Taylor & Francis.
  My most comprehensive overview of HCI history, examining how and why different research communities arose and evolved. The 2011 version integrates material first covered in the ARIST review below.
  
• Human-computer interaction. (email me)
  J. Grudin, 2011. In B. Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology 45, 369-430. ASIST.
  The history of library and information science is covered, along with HCI research in human factors, information systems, and computer science (CHI).
  
• AI and HCI: Two fields divided by a common focus. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2009. AI Magazine, 30, 4, 48-57.
  The history of AI suggests a past rivalry for resources, and decent prospects for a future alliance.
• Brian Shackel's contribution to the written history of Human-Computer Interaction. (Postscript) (DOI)
  J. Grudin, 2009. Interacting with computers, 5-6, 370-374.
  From a memorial issue for a pioneer who unfailingly responded to my queries over the years.
• CHIstory. (Humorous Video)
  M.S. Bernstein et al., 2009. ACM CHI 2009 Extended Abstracts, 3493-3494.
  Finally making use of the acting class taken in grad school. The video is also here.
  The inspired creators of this video were at the time interns also doing great research.
  
• Going critical: Perspective and proportion in the epistemology of Rob Kling. (PDF)
  J.L. King, S. Iacono & J. Grudin, 2007. The Information Society, 23, 4, 251-256.
  From a memorial issue, the evolution of a former colleague's views.
  John King, now at Michigan, Suzanne Iacono, now a manager at NSF, and I were UCI colleagues of Rob Kling.
  
• Human Factors, CHI, and MIS. (email me)
  J. Grudin, 2006. In P. Zhang & D. Galletta (Eds.), HCI in MIS (I): Foundations, 402-421. Sharpe.
  AIS SIGHCI was forming as I explored MIS HCI history.
  
• Three faces of Human-Computer Interaction. (PDF) (DOI)
  J. Grudin, 2005. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 27, 4, 46-62.
  My initial questions about history led to a focus on the role of discretion in computer use.

ACM Interactions Timelines
Most of the Interactions columns on HCI history are authored by people with different perspectives or on topics I’m unfamiliar with. I wrote the essays below except where otherwise indicated.

• Kai: Media’s effects on understanding. (PDF)
  September 2011, 70-73.
  What can Plato tell us about the effects of digital technology?
• CSCW: Time passed, tempest, and time past. (PDF)
  July 2010, 38-40.
  The content of Computer Supported Cooperative Work has changed over the years.
• What a wonderful critter: Orphans find a home. (PDF)
  March 2010, 76-78.
  HCI at the beginning of the computer era; ACM scans in early proceedings.
• The information school phenomenon. (PDF)
  G. Olson & J. Grudin, March, 2009, 38-40.
  A brief history of the rise of Information Schools, many with a strong HCI focus.
  Gary Olson moved to UC Irvine after years at the University of Michigan School of Information.
  
• Why Engelbart wasn't given the keys to Fort Knox: Revisiting three HCI landmarks. (PDF)
  September 2008, 65-67.
  A fresh look at contributions of Vannevar Bush, Ivan Sutherland, and Doug Engelbart.
• Travel back in time: design methods of two billionaire industrialists. (PDF)
  May 2008, 70-73.
  Surprisingly modern methods used by Henry Ford and Howard Hughes.
• Living without parental controls: the future of HCI. (PDF)
  March 2007, 48-52.
  Gazing into a crystal ball.
• The demon in the basement. (PDF)
  November 2006, 50-53.
  How we continually underestimate the impact of Moore’s Law and associated legislation.
• Turing maturing: The separation of artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction. (PDF)
  September 2006, 54-57.
  The relationship of AI and HCI, elaborated in the AI Magazine essay in the previous section.
• Death of a sugar daddy: the mystery of the AFIPS orphans. (PDF)
  July 2006, 54-57.
  The parent organization of ACM and IEEE, and the disease that killed it. (Scholarly indexing programs do not do well with such odd titles.)
• A missing generation: Office Automation/Information Systems and Human-Computer Interaction. (PDF)
  May 2006, 58-61.
  How did the once-massive minicomputer industry disappear?
• The GUI shock: Computer Graphics and Human-Computer Interaction. (PDF)
  March 2006, 45-47, 55.
  My first history column set out to say something new about a field I’m not in.
• Is HCI homeless?: In search of inter-disciplinary status. (PDF)
  January 2006, 54-59.
  An invited article, built on the 2005 Annals paper in the previous section, led to the Timelines history column.

Cognitive Aspects of Technology Design and Use
My training and early HCI work were cognitive. Social and organizational issues are now my principal focus, but cognitive elements are part of the mix.

• Peripheral computing during presentations: Perspectives on costs and preferences. (PDF)
  S. Iqbal, J. Grudin & E. Horvitz, 2011. Proc. CHI 2011, 891-894.
  Multitaskers who know that they miss useful information multitask nonetheless.
  Shamsi Iqbal is an MSR researcher, Eric Horvitz is an MSR associate director and past president of AAAI.
  
• Towards mixed-initiative access control. (DOI)
  P. Dewan, J. Grudin & E. Horvitz, 2007. Proc. CollaborateCom 2007, 64-71.
  This and the paper below explored easier approaches to controlling information access.
  Prasun Dewan is at UNC-Chapel Hill.
  
• A study of preferences for sharing and privacy. (PDF)
  J.S. Olson, J. Grudin & E. Horvitz, 2005. CHI 2005 extended abstracts, 1985-1988.
  Longer version: Toward understanding preferences for sharing and privacy. MSR TR 2004-138. (PDF)
  Studies that suggest approaches to mixed-initiative access control.
  Judy Olson is at UC Irvine.
  
• Information seeking and sharing in design teams. (PDF)
  S. Poltrock, J. Grudin, S. Dumais, R. Fidel, H. Bruce & A.M. Pejtersen, 2003. Proc. GROUP 2003, 239-247.
  Learned some things; would more observation and less interview transcript analysis have been better?
  A multi-disciplinary team from Boeing, Microsoft, University of Washington, and Risø National Laboratory in Denmark.
  
• Group dynamics and ubiquitous computing. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2002. Communications of the ACM, 45, 12, 74-78
  This essay and the one below consider social and cognitive aspects of information visibility.
• Desituating action: Digital representation of context. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2001. Human-Computer Interaction, 16, 2-4, 269-286.
  Slowly, context will be restored for digitally-represented activity.
• Partitioning digital worlds: Focal and peripheral awareness in multiple monitor use. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2001. Proc. CHI 2001, 458-465.
  These issues loom larger as displays grow and information streams proliferate.
• Digitally mediated interaction: Technology and the urge system. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2000. In G. Hatano, N. Okada & H. Tanabe (Eds.), Affective minds, 159-167. Elsevier.
  Written for an event honoring Masanao Toda, author of the wonderful ‘fungus-eater’ and other essays.
• Has the ice man arrived? Tact on the Internet. (DOI)
  J. Grudin, 1999. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 14, 1, 8-9.
  The complexity of the effects of awareness and visibility are still generally under-appreciated.

Prototype Multimedia Systems
We learned a lot in three years working on the design, deployment, and evaluation of educational videoconferencing prototype systems. Technological and behavioral infrastructures weren’t ready in 2000, but some of the functionality is appearing now, and we will see more asynchronous collaboration and compression feature use. The team moved on and thrived in other roles inside and outside the company.
Co-authors are generally identified the first time they appear.

• Multimedia annotation: An unsuccessful tool becomes a successful framework. (PDF)
  J. Grudin & D. Bargeron, 2005. In K. Okada, T. Hoshi & T. Inoue (Eds.), Communication and Collaboration Support Systems. Ohmsha.
  Earlier version: D. Bargeron & J. Grudin, As users grow more savvy: Experiences with a multimedia annotation tool. Proc. HICSS 2004. (DOI)
  Reviewers loved early papers that emphasized the promise, but not accounts of serious problems. Yet if negative results aren’t published, others may follow the same logic to the same dead end.
  Dave Bargeron is a Microsoft program manager.
  
• Automating lecture capture and broadcast: Technology and videography. (PDF)
  Y. Rui, A. Gupta, J. Grudin & L. He, 2004. Multimedia Systems, 10, 1, 3-15.
  Earlier version: Videography for telepresentations. Proc. CHI 2003, 457-464. (PDF)
  This system was used internally for some presentation capture.
  Yong Rui is a director, Anoop Gupta a vice president, and Li-wei He is a principal architect at Microsoft.
  
• Supporting engagement in asynchronous education. (PDF)
  S. LeeTiernan & J. Grudin, 2003. CHI 2003 Extended Abstracts, 888-889.
  Preventing student procrastination in using an asynchronous tool.
  Scott LeeTiernan aka Scott Counts is a Microsoft researcher.
  
• Notification for shared annotation of digital documents. (PDF)
  A.J.B. Brush, D. Bargeron, A. Gupta & J. Grudin, 2002. Proc. CHI 2002, 89-96.
  Shared text annotation in support of development and test teams.
  A.J. Brush is a Microsoft researcher.
  
• Supporting interaction outside of class: Anchored discussions vs. discussion boards. (PDF)
  A.J.B. Brush, D. Bargeron, J. Grudin, A. Borning & A. Gupta, 2002. Proc. CSCL 2002, 425-434.
  Shared text annotation to support students in a university course.
  A Microsoft team was joined by Alan Borning of the University of Washington.
  
• Asynchronous collaboration around multimedia applied to on-demand education. (PDF)
  D. Bargeron, J. Grudin, A. Gupta, E. Sanocki, F. Li & S. LeeTiernan, 2002. Journal of MIS, 18, 4, 117-145.
  Synthesizes work from several papers below.
  Liz Sanocki is a UX designer, Francis Li an interaction designer/software engineer.
• Asynchronous collaboration around multimedia and its application to on-demand training. (PDF) (DOI)  ⇒ Best Paper Award
  D. Bargeron, A. Gupta, J. Grudin, E. Sanocki & F. Li, 2001. Proc. HICSS 34.
  MRAS paper, extended in the journal article above.
• Fostering engagement in asynchronous learning through collaborative multimedia annotation. (PDF)
  S. LeeTiernan & J. Grudin, 2001. Proc. INTERACT 2001, 472-479.
  More ways to prevent procrastination in the use of an asynchronous tool (related paper above).
• Linking public spaces: Technical and social issues. (PDF)
  G. Jancke, G.D. Venolia, J. Grudin, J.J. Cadiz & A. Gupta, 2001. Proc. CHI 2001, 530-537.
  Unexpected resistance by a few colleagues with strong privacy issues.
  Gavin Jacke is a general manager, Gina Venolia is a researcher, and J.J. Cadiz is a program manager.
• Designing presentations for on-demand viewing. (PDF)
  L. He, J. Grudin & A. Gupta, 2000. Proc. CSCW 2000, 127-134.
  Earlier version: Design lessons from deployment of on-demand video.(PDF)
  L. He, A. Gupta, S. White & J. Grudin, 1999. CHI 99 Extended Abstracts, 276-277.
  A still-useful analysis of years of data from internal training video use.
• Distance learning through distributed collaborative video viewing. (PDF)
  J.J. Cadiz, A. Balachandran, E. Sanocki, A. Gupta & J. Grudin, 2000. Proc. CSCW 2000, 135-144.
  A small study showing synchronous lectures can beat classroom lectures using standard platforms.
  Anand Balachandran is a Microsoft program manager.
  
• Using Web annotations for asynchronous collaboration around documents. (PDF)
  J.J. Cadiz, A. Gupta & J. Grudin, 2000. Proc. CSCW 2000, 309-318.
  Study of large-scale use of annotations by a large development team.
  
• Presenting to local and remote audiences: Design and use of the TELEP system. (PDF)
  G. Jancke, J. Grudin & A. Gupta, 2000. Proc. CHI 2000, 384-391.
  Used successfully in lecture room until we changed buildings; sensitive to room layout.
  
• Comparing presentation summaries: Slides vs. reading vs. listening. (PDF)
  L. He, E. Sanocki, A. Gupta & J. Grudin, 2000. Proc. CHI 2000, 177-184.
  Contrasts four approaches to delivering lecture summaries.
  
• Evolving use of a system for education at a distance. (PDF) (DOI)
  S. A. White, A. Gupta, J. Grudin, H. Chesley, G. Kimberly & E. Sanocki, 2000. Proc. HICSS 2000.
  Earlier version, same title, in CHI 99 Extended Abstracts, 274-275.(PDF)
  A remote lecture support tool evolved through use in internal training courses.
  Steve White, Harry Chesley & Greg Kimberly were & could well still be software developers.
  
• Auto-summarization of audio-video presentations. (PDF)  ⇒ Best Paper Award
  L. He, E. Sanocki, A. Gupta & J. Grudin, 1999. Proc. MultiMedia 99, 489-498.
  Complementing the time-compression paper below, automates video highlight extraction.
• Annotations for streaming video on the Web: System design and usage studies. (PDF)
  D. Bargeron, A. Gupta, J. Grudin & E. Sanocki, 2000. Proc. HICSS 2000.
  Modified version appeared in Computer Networks, 31, 1999, 1139-1153.
  Earlier version, in CHI 99 Extended Abstracts, 278-279.(PDF)
  The first MRAS (asynchronous lecture annotation) studies. Overviews listed above are better sources.
  
• Time-compression: Systems concerns, usage, and benefits. (PDF)
  N. Omoigui, L. He, A. Gupta, J. Grudin & E. Sanocki, 1999. Proc. CHI 1999, 136-143.
  Effective technology made available in Windows Media Player.
  Nosa Omoigui is a software entrepeneur.
  

Surveys and Handbook Chapters (other than History)
Many survey chapter invitations resulted from regularly updated courses on CSCW and groupware that Steve Poltrock and I gave from 1990 to 2007.

• Taxonomy and theory in Computer Supported Cooperative Work. (Now being copy-edited)
  J. Grudin & S. Poltrock, in press. In S.W. Kozlowski (Ed.), Handbook of organizational psychology. Oxford University Press.
  A simple review, we thought, but writing it led to reflection and discovery.
  For 25 years, Steve Poltrock and I have collaborated in conducting and reviewing CSCW research.
  
• Communication and collaboration support in an age of information scarcity. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 2005. In K. Okada, T. Hoshi & T. Inoue (Eds.), Communication and Collaboration Support Systems. Ohmsha.
  An overview and update of views of CSCW.
  
• The organizational contexts of development and use.
  J. Grudin & M.L. Markus, 2004. In A.B. Tucker (Ed.), CRC Computer Science Handbook, Second Edition. CRC Press.
  In 1997, an early effort for me (though not Lynne) to think organizationally on a broad scale.
  M. Lynne Markus is at Bentley University.
  
• Seeding, evolutionary growth, and reseeding: The incremental development of collaborative design environments.
  G. Fischer, J. Grudin, R. McCall, J. Ostwald, D. Redmiles, B. Reeves & F. Shipman, 2001. In G.M. Olson, T.W. Malone & J.B. Smith (Eds.), Coordination theory and collaboration technology, 447-472. CRC Press.
  A survey of a long, ambitious project that was ultimately sidelined by the Web.
  For several years I spent a week visiting Gerhard Fischer’s talented group at Colorado.
  
• Collaborative information retrieval (CIR).
  R. Fidel, H. Bruce, A.M. Pejtersen, S. Dumais, J. Grudin & S. Poltrock, 2000. Information Behaviour Research, 1, 235-247. CRC Press.
  An early alliance of people focused on collaboration and IR.
  A multi-disciplinary team from Boeing, Microsoft, University of Washington, and Risø National Laboratory.
  
• CSCW and groupware: Their history and trajectory.
  J. Grudin, 1999. In Y. Matsushita (Ed.), Designing Communication and Collaboration Support Systems, 1-15. Taylor & Francis.
  An update of thoughts on this topic.
  
• Groupware.
  J. Grudin & S.E. Poltrock, 1999. In J. G. Webster (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 8, 512-523. Wiley.
  An encyclopedia article mostly distilled from the chapter below.
  
• Computer-supported cooperative work and groupware.
  J. Grudin & S.E. Poltrock, 1997. In M. Zelkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Computers Vol. 45, 269-320. Academic Press.
  A survey comprising material from a course we taught for many years.
  
• Organizational issues in development and implementation of interactive systems.
  J. Grudin & M.L. Markus, 2004. In M. G. Helander, T. K. Landauer & P. Prabhu (Eds.), Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction (2nd Edition), 1457-1474. Elsevier.
  Has more of an HCI orientation than our Computer Science Handbook chapter (above).
  M. Lynne Markus is at Bentley University.
  
• Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: Toward the year 2000.
  R.M. Baecker, J. Grudin, W.A.S. Buxton & S. Greenberg (Eds.), 1995. Morgan Kaufmann.
  Writing topic overviews consumed years and several journal article equivalents of analysis and insight. Some people noticed.
  

Selected Early Papers
Papers published more than 15 years ago to which I still refer.

• Adapting a psychophysical method to measure performance and preference tradeoffs in human-computer interaction. (PDF)
  J. Grudin & A. MacLean, 1984. Proc. INTERACT '84, 737-741.
  A small study applying a method learned as a student from physiological psychologist Tony Deutsch. Early INTERACT proceedings proved to have disappointingly limited availability.
  Allan MacLean is a software entrepreneur in East Anglia.
• Why CSCW applications fail: Problems in the design and evaluation of organizational interfaces. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1988. Proc. CSCW 88, 31, 85-93.
  My best-known work. A similar paper in INTERACT’87 and a slightly improved 1989 journal article are less often cited.
• The case against user interface consistency. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1989. Comm. of the ACM, 32, 10, 1164-1173.
  Based on examples encountered as a developer. The work I’ve lectured on most often.
• The computer reaches out: The historical continuity of interface design. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1990. Proc. CHI 90, 261-268.
  Further reading: Work in the history section below broadens this CHI-centric analysis.
• Groupware and cooperative work: Problems and prospects.
  J. Grudin, 1990. In B. Laurel (Ed.), The art of human-computer interface design, 171-185. Addison Wesley.
  Reprinted in R. Baecker (Ed.), Readings in Groupware and Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Morgan Kaufmann, 1995.
  A concise account of challenges and a cautious forecast. The only article I've revisited without wanting to wordsmith.
• Interactive Systems: Bridging the gaps between developers and users. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1994. IEEE Computer, 24, 4, 59-69.
  Using logic and data-gathering to solve a mystery, this was thrilling.
• Systematic sources of suboptimal interface design in large product development organizations. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1991. Human-Computer Interaction, 6, 2, 147-196.
  A collection of insights derived while working as a developer.
• Language evolution and human-computer interaction. (PDF)
  J. Grudin & D.A. Norman, 1991. Proc. Cognitive Science Conference, 611-616.
  Don was interested in doing more than questioning consistency. A paper read in grad school proved useful.
• Consistency, standards, and formal approaches to interface development and evaluation: (PDF)
  A note on Wiecha, Bennett, Boies, Gould & Greene.
  J. Grudin, 1992. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 10, 1, 1164-1173.
  A misleading description of my 1989 consistency case provided an opportunity to further develop it.
• Interface: An evolving concept. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1993 Communications of the ACM, 36, 1, 102-111.
  Taking time out from other HCI pursuits to consider unintended consequences of terminology choices.
• Organizational obstacles to interface design and development: Two participant-observer studies. (PDF)
  S.E. Poltrock & J. Grudin, 1994. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 1, 1, 52-80.
  My first large-scale qualitative study. I still use some of the quotations included.
  For 25 years, Steve Poltrock and I have collaborated in conducting and reviewing CSCW research.
• Computer-supported cooperative work: History and focus. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1994. IEEE Computer, 27, 5, 19-26.
  A snapshot of CSCW history taken fewer than ten years from the beginning.
• Groupware and social dynamics: Eight challenges for developers. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1994. Comm. of the ACM, 37, 1, 92-105.
  Extension of my CSCW’88 paper. Together, probably the most cited work in CSCW.
• Evaluating opportunities for design capture. (PDF)
  J. Grudin, 1996. In T. Moran & J. Carroll (Eds.), Design rationale: concepts, techniques, and use, 453-470. Erlbaum.
  Extends my 1991 IEEE Computer interactive systems article.
• Design models for computer-human interfaces. (PDF)
  D.R. Gentner & J. Grudin, 1996. IEEE Computer, 29, 6, 28-35.
  The evolution of technologies digital and non-digital, a side project for both of us.
  Don Gentner was a friend and collaborator from my first months in grad school until he died in 2005.

Editorial Boards

• Computing Surveys
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• Human-Computer Interaction
• Information Systems Research (1993-2004)
• Information Technology & People (1993-2000)
• Interacting with Computers
• Interactions
• Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
• Morgan Kaufman Interaction Technology series (1996-2009)
• Springer CSCW series